Green Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticle Using Fermented Passion Fruit Peel Extract

Abstract

The toxicity and environment impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) synthesised by conventional method is a major concern. Therefore, this research focuses on the environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNP using fermented passion fruit peel extract, with a comprehensive analysis of their physical properties, biocompatibilities, and biological activities. Solid-state fermentation had shown to significantly boost levels of polyphenols in the extract, which are the major agents responsible for reducing and stabilizing biosynthesized AgNP. The AgNP synthesis product using unfermented (AgNP-U) and fermented (AgNP-F) passion fruit peel extract was compared in term of their synthesis conditions, physical and biological properties. The synthesis conditions for U and F were systematically investigated considering three crucial parameters: pH value, extract concentration, and AgNO3 concentration. Conditions for AgNP-F and AgNP-U for achieving the smallest size and highest yield of AgNP were relatively the same and determined as 15 mg/mL concentration of the extract with 10 mM of AgNO3 at pH 9. At this condition, AgNP-F, compared to AgNP-U, exhibited larger average particle sizes and possessed higher intensity with lower polydispersity index. In terms of biological activities, AgNP-F exhibited higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Furthermore, AgNP-F displayed greater stability in size distribution and antibaterial activities compared to AgNP-U. This research highlights the potential of solid-state fermented passion fruit peel extract for green synthesis of AgNP with enhanced biological activities and stability, paving the way for sustainable and efficient nanoparticle production.